Reversed‐phase vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction: A new sample preparation method for the determination of amygdalin in oil and kernel samples

A novel, simple, and rapid reversed‐phase vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography has been introduced for the extraction, clean‐up, and preconcentration of amygdalin in oil and kernel samples. In this technique, deionized water was used as the extracting solvent. Unlike the reversed‐phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, dispersive solvent was eliminated in the proposed method. Various parameters that affected the extraction efficiency, such as extracting solvent volume and its pH, vortex, and centrifuging times were evaluated and optimized. The calibration curve shows good linearity (r² = 0.9955) and precision (RSD < 5.2%) in the range of 0.07–20 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.02 and 0.07 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 96.0–102.0% with relative standard deviation values ranging from 4.0 to 5.1%. Unlike the conventional extraction methods for plant extracts, no evaporative and re‐solubilizing operations were needed in the proposed technique.     

The fundamental theorem of mutual insurance

The essence of mutual insurance is the notion that re-distributing risk in a pool of risks is more beneficial than taking the risk alone. Interpreting ‘more beneficial’ as an increase in utility and considering sequences of exchangeable risks, we are able to formalize this notion from the policyholder’s perspective and demonstrate its validity for various alternative preference functionals (e.g., expected utility, Choquet expected utility, and distortion risk measures). To obtain this result, we exploit that for a sequence of exchangeable risks the corresponding sequence of arithmetical averages is a reversed martingale.We conclude that pooling risks is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms of insurance because it favourably affects the utility of policyholders, and we refer to this phenomenon as the ‘utility-improving effect of risk pooling’. Moreover, we demonstrate that the utility of the policyholder is (strictly) increasing with the size of the risk pool.     

三组分体系相图教学实验——微乳的制备*

为了让三组分体系相图的教学紧跟学科发展前沿,设计了一个研究型综合性实验——微乳的制备。实验以油酸乙酯为油相、吐温-80和乙醇质量比为3∶1的混合体系为乳化剂相,蒸馏水为水相,采用水滴定和油滴定结合的方法绘制了拟三元相图。通过电导率法对微乳3种类型的转变点进行了初判,按照电导率实验结果制备了3种不同类型的微乳样品,并利用染色法、黏度法和光散射法对微乳的物理化学性状进行了表征。通过实验,可以使学生获得分散体系的前沿知识,有利于创新人才的培养。     

Reversed phase liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids using on-line complexation with copper(II) ion

We describe a simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of organic acids using on-line complexation with copper(II) ion. Organic acids complexed with copper(II) ion were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and detected by UV absorption at 240 nm. The copper(II) ion concentration in the mobile phase had a great influence on separation and sensitivity. A mobile phase consisting of 10 mM copper(II) sulfate in 5 mM sulfuric acid (pH 2.3) was used to separate nine organic acids (tartaric, malic, malonic, lactic, acetic, citric, maleic, succinic and fumaric acids). The detection limits of the examined organic acids calculated at S/N = 3 ranged from 0.6 to 100 μM. The detector signal was linear over three orders of magnitude of organic acid concentration. The method successfully measured organic acids in juice and vinegar samples.     

微乳液法合成白光LED NaLu(MO_4)_2:Eu~(3+)/Eu~(3+),Tb~(3+)(M=W,Mo)荧光粉

采用微乳液法制备Na Lu(WO4)2-x(Mo O4)x∶8%Eu3+(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)/y%Eu3+,5%Tb3+(y=1,3,5,7,9)系列荧光粉。通过X射线衍射(XRD)表征,所制样品的X射线衍射峰与标准卡片PDF#27-0729基本吻合,表明所制的样品为白钨矿结构,属于四方晶系。扫描电镜(SEM)显示制备的纳米粒子是梭子状的,粒径大约是110 nm。激发发射光谱显示,在Eu3+离子掺杂物质的量分数为8%时,Na Lu(WO4)(Mo O4)∶Eu3+发光强度最大。Na Lu(WO4)2-x(Mo O4)x∶8%Eu3+(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)荧光粉在nMo/nW比达到1∶1(x=1)时发光强度最大,强烈的红光发射表明该材料可用于白光LED材料。该荧光粉在268、394和466 nm波长光激发下分别发出橙红色、黄色和淡黄色光,可以满足不同光色需要。Na Lu(WO4)(Mo O4)∶y%Eu3+,5%Tb3+(y=1,3,5,7,9)荧光粉,随着y值增大,从绿光区(x=0.278,y=0.514)进入白光区(x=0.356,y=0.373),(x=0.278,y=0.313),同时观察到Tb3+到Eu3+有效能量传递。     

反胶束固定化醇脱氢酶的制备及应用研究

研究十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)-辛烷-己醇反胶束体系固定化醇脱氢酶(ADH)的制备及应用。考察了含水量、CTAB和己醇用量对于ADH固定化的影响。对游离酶和固定化酶的催化动力学性质研究表明:酶促反应的最适pH值分别为8.2和8.8,最适温度分别为31℃和20℃,米氏常数分别为12mmol/L和7mmol/L。30℃时,游离酶存放150min后失活90%,固定化酶失活50%,表明反胶束固定化ADH有较好的热稳定性。应用此体系测定了试样中乙醇的含量。     

反相微乳液法制备尺寸可调的高荧光碳量子点(英文)

在反相微乳液体系中,以抗坏血酸作为碳源制备具有高强度荧光的碳量子点。实验中通过调整水和表面活性剂的量比实现对碳量子点尺寸大小的控制,利用十六烷基胺修饰碳量子点。当激发波长为360 nm时,碳量子点的量子产率最高为47%。当水和表面活性剂的量比从20增加到50时,碳量子点的尺寸也随之而增大。     

YVO_4∶Eu~(3+)@SiO_2核壳结构纳米复合材料的合成与表征

用沉淀法制备了尺寸约为8 nm的YVO4∶Eu3+纳米粒子,然后用反相微乳液法在YVO4∶Eu3+纳米粒子的表面包覆了一层Si O2壳。利用XRD、TEM、UV-Vis吸收光谱和光致发光光谱对合成的样品进行了表征。得到的复合物具有较好的核壳结构,通过改变硅酸四乙酯的用量可以改变Si O2壳的厚度。研究了Si O2壳对YVO4∶Eu3+发光性质的影响,结果表明:包覆和未包覆的样品在紫外光激发下都有Eu3+的特征发射;随着Si O2壳厚度的增加,发光强度和量子效率越来越低,Eu3+格位对称性越来越高。     

Photocatalytic Oxidation of HMF under Solar Irradiation: Coupling of Microemulsion and Lyophilization to Obtain Innovative TiO2-Based Materials

The photocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived building blocks such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a promising reaction for obtaining valuable chemicals and the efficient long-term storage of solar radiation. In this work, we developed innovative TiO₂-based materials capable of base-free HMF photo-oxidation in water using simulated solar irradiation. The materials were prepared by combining microemulsion and spray-freeze drying (SFD), resulting in highly porous systems with a large surface area. The effect of titania/silica composition and the presence of gold-copper alloy nanoparticles on the properties of materials as well as photocatalytic performance were evaluated. Among the lab-synthesized photocatalysts, Ti₁₅Si₈₅ SFD and Au₃Cu₁/Ti₁₅Si₈₅ SFD achieved the higher conversions, while the best selectivity was observed for Au₃Cu₁/Ti₁₅Si₈₅ SFD. The tests with radical scavengers for both TiO₂-m and Au₃Cu₁/Ti₁₅Si₈₅ SFD suggested that primary species responsible for the selective photo-oxidation of HMF are photo-generated electrons and/or superoxide radicals.     

Esterification of Octanoic Acid with Octanol in Microemulsion and Emulsion System

The esterification of octanoic acid with octanol in microemulsion and emulsion system is studied. In the presence of 5–10% dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid (DBSA), which is a surfactant-type catalyst, high conversion of esterification can be given both in microemulsion and in emulsion system. Compared with emulsion system, single-phase microemulsion is a more effective reaction system for esterification, with the advantages of comparatively little influence by the amount of water, no need of hard stirring, and stable state when laid long. The esterification of other fatty acids and alcohols in this reaction system were also accomplished in favorable conversion.